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A battery powered voltage source and a 100 k Ω resistor is used to bias the nanowire just below its critical current through one branch of the bias tee.
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An attenuated polarization-controlled laser provides the optical input to the detector chip. Dashed red lines represent optical fiber solid black lines represent electrical connections. Ii Experimental set-up of SNSPDįigure 1: Schematic set-up of the Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector (SNSPD) and associated components. VIII, including highlighting the significance of using an SNSPD with these properties for QKD. Finally, we make a summary and concluding comments in Sec. VII we demonstrate experimentally that afterpulsing can be eliminated by using a different amplifier. VI we present our results of detection efficiency recovery following a detection event, showing an unexpected temporary rise in detection efficiency beyond the nominal value. Analysis of afterpulsing is then extended to experiments with incoming light in Sec. IV, we characterize the afterpulsing effect and explain it as a reflection in the readout circuit used, as previously proposed in Ref. III presents our results of a non-uniform distribution of the dark count events in the SNSPD, and introduces the aforementioned afterpulse effect. Sec. II describes our experimental set-up in detail and defines what exactly constitutes a detection event. This is similar to our finding in the first part of our investigation (with no laser input). Indeed, we find that about 180 ns after the first afterpulse, there is an enhanced probability of having a second afterpulse. Here, we study the afterpulsing effect with a laser input at a much larger time-scale (of 1000 ns) and, for the first time, report the secondary afterpulsing effect (the afterpulse of an afterpulse). ( 2011), the afterpulsing effect of an SNSPD with a laser input has been studied on the time scale of 100 ns. We note that two papers related to afterpulsing in SNSPDs (with laser on) have been published recently Fujiwara et al. Such a spurious detection event is commonly called an afterpulse. We observe that about 180 ns following a real detection event due to an input pulse, there is an enhanced probability for our SNSPD to register a (spurious) detection event. In the second part of our investigation, with a pulsed laser on with a repetition rate of 2 MHz, we study the distribution of detection events. In other words, it does not consider the possibility that a detector is already “dead” due to an earlier detection event (a “click”) and the fact that the response of a detector to a signal actually depends on its initial state and when the last detection event occurs. Yet, such characterization is often based on the response of a detector to a one-shot input, when the initial state of a detector is “active”. ( 2008) Akhlaghi, Majedi, and Lundeen ( 2011) Natarajan et al. There has been growing interest in completely characterizing these quantum detectors through a process called detector tomography Lundeen et al. ( 2010) and other quantum optic experiments. ( 2009), quantum state tomography Cramer et al.
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As such, they have been used in many areas of research, including quantum key distribution (QKD) Bennett and Brassard ( 1984) Ekert ( 1991) Scarani et al. ( 2009) and low dark count rate Gol’tsman et al. They can offer certain advantages over other single photon detectors due to their potentially short dead time, small timing jitter Dauler et al. Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) are a relatively new technology for detecting single infrared photons Goltsman et al.